Humor in the home and in the classroom: The benefits of laughing while we learn. They have created a moment of incongruity for the audience, helping us realise the inadequacy of our abstract knowledge, without realising this themselves and therefore making themselves look silly. Theres nothing more to get than the fact that its absurd. You tell your friend to 'Look up the answer'. Hope may represent a powerful mechanism through which humor brings relief to patients, as evidenced in research addressing the impact of humor on terminally ill patients (Herth, 1990). This idea is explained by Wanzer et al. Raskin, Victor. Roberts (2019, 92) and Hurley et. Realising that this more 'natural', instinctive way of seeing the world is in this moment a better way of seeing things as they really are gives us pleasure. Here the piece of abstract knowledge applicable to multiple pieces of sensuous knowledge is a word ('fire'), and so here we have an example of wordplay creating folly. For instance, the Benign Violation theory of humor developed by a team of psychologists at the University of Colorado Boulder explains funny as a series non-threatening violations of social norms [source: McGraw and Warren].Essentially, a joke should violate some sort of cultural practice or value, but at a . The researchers found reductions in anger, anxiety, psychopathology, and depression among participants (Gelkopf, Gonen, Kurs, Melamed, & Bleich, 2006). The second theory described by Martin and Ford (2018) is the superiority theory, which focuses on interpersonal motivational mechanisms, with humor resulting as a function of self-esteem enhancement. Even though the audience grows tired easily. That is why, although the Incongruity Theory freed humor from the traditional stigma of being anti-social, it has not . Instead, laughter occurs in response to unexpected punchlines or those that go against usual patterns (Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009). As with other forms of illness, it is logical to propose that humor enhances coping among individuals dealing with mental health issues. Your friend welcomes you to their home for the first time and says "Let me introduce you to my furry little friend" before opening another door onto their bearded husband, where they had led you to expect a dog. There are a number of elements here that speak in support of IT. We will be focusing on understanding it in this article. The whole joke is layered with absurdities. It would do well to do a little more unpacking of terms like incongruity, absurdity, unexpected, and bizarre. Analysis of any joke or bit of humor generally, if not nearly always, makes the jokes not funny. Martin and Ford (2018) describe the three top humor theories. The hostility theories address the aggressive aspect of humor, i.e., the fact that often, but not always, humor is directed against someone. If you can make sense of this joke, youre way better than I clever reader. In other words, laughter is a function of anticipating a different outcome than what was expected. Abel, M. H. (2002). Twain had a point, as the research literature supports a relationship between humor and a wide range of positive psychosocial outcomes. Farber (2007) has asserted that this theory was used since the times of Plato and Aristotle, and that it provides a revealing but narrow view in relation to the application of humor in literature (2007, p.72). The superiority theory is concerned with the affective response that often accompanies comic amusement, which it maintains is an enjoyable feeling of superiority to the object of amusement. The effects of human therapy on nursing home residents measured using observational methods: The SMILE cluster randomized trial. A sandwich walks into a bar. (2012). . One such popular incongruity theory is the incongruity-resolution (IR) theory, which is especially useful for computational models due to its mechanical (rather than descriptive) nature. . We laugh because we are surprised or because something seems to be out of place. Most texts will package the three main theories of humor comprehension in a sort of triumvirate that includes the superiority, release, and incongruity theories as the main contenders. (2019). But not for them. The barman says Sorry we dont serve food in here.. According to incongruity theory, things that are funnyor 'ludicrous'show us the differences between how we perceive the world and how it in fact exists. Jack uses irony, schadenfreude, and the incongruity theory to bring his story to life. Truth plays an important role as well: The juxtaposition of the two things often gives people a new insight into a familiar situation, he notes. a) Resolution makes the original incongruity no longer incongruous. As an important high-level cognitive activity, humor plays a crucial role in human social life. To you, the brush would seem comically small for the task at handeveryone knows it's a toothbrush, not a toilet brush. From a linguistic and communicative perspective, humor involves a mix of verbal and non-verbal forms; a joke, a mirth, or a pun may not sound Humor and oncology. 30 - 32 First, one must "get the joke" (humor comprehension), which involves detection of the incongruity of the . Schulman-Green, D. (2003). A fair warning is needed, as jokes are but a small slice of the humor pie. For example, among college students enrolled in language courses, 72% noted that humor enhanced their interest in the subject matter, 82% reported that the instructors use of humor made them more approachable, and 82% indicated that humor created an environment more conducive to learning (Askildson, 2005). By contrast, the present study used a humor corpus with the novelty of three-element verbal jokes to perform direct . Humor just feels good; it distracts us from our problems and promotes a lighter perspective. The humor in both of these examples relies on incongruous interpretations . In order to get whatever may be going on in this poorly formed joke, you need to know that Etruscans were an ancient civilization in Italy that was conquered by the Romans early on in the Roman Empires history. searching for some most common kind of humor. White is clear on this, in a humorous, IT 46 supporting way. In the simplest and most general way of stating the idea, an incongruity is something that is unexpected, absurd, out of the ordinary, strange, or bizarre. If you want to find humor, look for ways that things dont seem to fit together. And so, with laughter and love, we lived happily ever after. Infants tend to laugh when parents make funny faces and sounds, hide their faces before they. This does not mean that IT is not without its problems. One of simplest forms of humor in young children can be found when they actively do something contrary to expectation or norm. Incongruity: Conflicting ideas, bizarre juxtapositions, and any other gaps between expectations and reality create comedy. This book assesses the adequacy of the traditional theories of laughter and humor, suggests revised theories, and explores such areas as the aesthetics and ethics of humor, and the relation of amusement to other mental states. I hope thats not the case below, but youll likely find the jokes less funny for the analysis. Superiority theory, relief/arousal theory, and incongruity theory, propose different reasons as to what makes a situation humorous. If youre looking for more science-based ways to help others overcome adversity, this collection contains. (2011, 44) point out the . The joke teller then delightfully admonishes the implied silliness of the listener to have been making owl noises rather than responding appropriately to the joke form. Relations of humor with perceptions of stress. One of these theories is incongruity theory (the other two are known as relief theory and superiority theory). In other words, laughter is a function of anticipating a different outcome than what was expected. As is widely known, theories of humour are traditionally divided in three branches: (1) Theories of incongruity, or inconsistency, or contradiction, or bisociation. Coping humor also has been associated with increased social support and self-efficacy among older community-dwelling adults (Marziali, McDonald, & Donahue, 2008). The researchers found that greater wellbeing was related to affiliative and self-enhancing humor, whereas reduced wellbeing was linked to aggressive and self-defeating humor (Maiolino & Kuiper, 2016). Trust me, it'll make it simpler in the long run! But if you know nothing of the Etruscans you couldnt possibly make sense of it. A quote from E.B. For example, among physicians who do the exceedingly difficult work of treating cancer patients, humor has been reported as beneficial for patients, doctors, and relationships between the two (Joshua, Cotroneo, & Clarke, 2005). Growing up with humor sets children on a more positive pathway. The results of this study indicated that 85% of patients believed that humor helped them to deal with reality by empowering hope. For example, one study examined the impact of humorous films on various psychological symptoms among schizophrenia inpatients. You can perform this sort of analysis on most any of the jokes or humor youve experienced. Well thats the big question and one that occupies and vexes many researchers (this author included). Some of the most famous artists of the twentieth century, including Marcel Duchamp with his 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, No. One type of humor Jack uses is irony. They never seem to tire of it. Samson, A., & Antonelli, Y. the remains of the . Moving up the ladder of humorous complexity, lets take a look at a couple of knock-knock jokes. Understanding humor as play helps counter the traditional objections to it and reveals some of its benefits, including those it shares with philosophy itself. But then the coda of the joke, in attempting to explain the answer muddies the conceptual space. There have been a number of attempts to solve this issue with IT and they largely make use of play to circumvent the problem. In this way, humor results from feelings of triumph over the errors or misfortune of others, which promotes self-enhancement and feelings of superiority. Ok, that wasnt simple. Humor in the classroom also is believed to promote social and emotional development among children (Lovorn, 2008), and we share a few ideas in our article Activities to Stimulate Emotional Development. There is no shortage of quotes about humor (and humorous quotes) available online; here are eight terrific examples: If I had no sense of humor, I would long ago have committed suicide. . Klein, D., & Kuiper, N. (2006). THEORIES OF HUMOR IN THE MOVIE STEP BROTHERS 4 Another theory visible in Step Brothers is the incongruity theory. They ignore this fact and so foolishly use one as the other. Another issue with IT comes from my continued delight at the parrot joke. The substantive literature is again lacking; however, some studies do show that humor serves as an important coping mechanism for psychiatric patients. Outside of a dog, a book is mans best friend. other humor theories began to challenge the dom-inance of the superiority theory: the relief theory and the incongruity theory. That we see areas of the brain involved in higher level cognition and conceptual thought involved in humor behavior supports ITs claim that humor is a conceptually based activity that involve incongruity processing. The incongruity theory purports to define the for-mal object of comic amusement, which it locates in certain kinds of incongruity. First the doctor told me the good news: I was going to have a disease named after me. If you were to see a character brushing their teeth with a toilet brush in a slapstick comedy show, it would be amusing. The predictive nature of humor, authoritative parenting style, and academic achievement on indices of initial adjustment and commitment to college among college freshmen. (2002). For instance, my children loved to take nursery rhymes that they knew well and then not say the expected words at some point. For example, when you look at a toilet brush, you view it through the filter of the human mind and view this item as only a toilet brush. Bennett, M., Zeller, J., Rosenberg, L., & McCann, J. Marziali, E., McDonald, L., & Donahue, P. (2008). Whats an incongruity? John Morreall traces this theory back to Lord Shaftesbury's 1709 "hydraulic" model, which held that men (sic) had "natural, free ["animal"] spirits" that required release or they would "vent" in undesirable ways. Humor as character strength and its relation to life satisfaction and happiness in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Contributions of humor as perceived by the terminally ill. Hickman, G., & Crossland, G. (2004). Most humor researchers would agree that the core of humor is the perception of an incongruity (Forabosco 1992; Gervais and Wilson 2005; Scheel and Gockel 2017).Humor refers to a thought, statement, or event that is somehow incongruous or surprising and accompanied by humor cues that signal a nonserious mindset (Mulkay 1988). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. With this definition we can make the connection it has with . The next day, it transpires they have broken into the teacher's office and found it out by stealing the information from the test answers, where you simply meant them to Google it. Sign on a repair shop door: We Can Repair Anything. By Steve Buissinne, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Relief theory. Just as the surrealists might have liked. This explains why laughter is caused when people recognize taboo subjectsone typical example is Cooper, C. (2008). Did the punchline fail to add in the number of purple fish needed? Incongruity is a mismatch between what we see or understand to be true and what we (consciously or unconsciously) expected. For example, the mechanism of denial, when used by addicts, serves as a barrier to accepting the addiction and seeking help. Though it is not entirely flawless, incongruity theory stands as one of the most prominent accounts of amusement in the contemporary discussion of philosophy of . I would like to end with one of my favorite jokes from esteemed humor researcher Victor Raskin. Incongruity denotes the incoherence between the interpretation of two parts of a joke, namely, its setup and punchline. However, from a neutral unshaped perspective, it is simply a brush. However, it is safe to say that IT is accepted by most researchers as the most accurate and likely true approach to explaining humor. Samson, A., Glassco, A., Lee, I., & Gross, J. For example, in a famous scene on the Mary Tyler Moore Show, Mary is distressed by the death of Chuckles the Clown, who, while dressed as a peanut, was killed by an elephant in a circus parade. For example, even if well-documented evidence could be collected to show that people with a sense of humor live longer, it might be that they have a sense of humor because they are healthy and things are going well. What these studies are adding up to is the idea that incongruity--when an idea or an object is out of place--is the heart of humor, Martin says. Similarly, MesmerMagnus, Glew, and Viswesvaran (2012) conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies focusing on the impact of humor in the workplace. This play then leads to a feeling of delight in the form of humor or mirth. The humor students bring to the classroom is also essential. This concept is exemplified by the ability of healthcare workers to employ dark humor as a way of coping with chronic job stress (e.g., Schulman-Green, 2003; Talbot & Lumden, 2000; Wanzer et al., 2005). Contributors are expected to avoid all needless technicality. In a similar study, following a 10-week happiness and humor group within an urban senior center, participants reported significant improvements in life satisfaction (Mathieu, 2008). For example, during the Holocaust, victims reported using humor in ghettos, concentration, and death camps to better cope with extreme trauma and adversity (Ostrower, 2015). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A sense of humor is associated with increased life satisfaction and a pleasurable and engaged life (Ruch, Proyer, & Weber, 2010). They remember the precise time, location, and what they were doing [], Chamber of Commerce (KvK) Registration Number: 64733564, 6229 HN Maastricht, 2023 PositivePsychology.com B.V. The joke makes sense, if in a different or atypical way. Martin, R. A. Dark or twisted humor is an acquired taste, as not everyone appreciates the taboo humor others find in disturbing subject matter. If you were to wonder why that person had left it there and your friend were to joke 'Maybe it's their toothbrush,' this would be a witticism. There is a scientific fact that you need to learn but neither of you know it. Self-enhancing humor is an invaluable strength that supports human thriving. You didn't realise both actions would fit under this heading but now you do. . One is called 'wit' and the other 'folly'. Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Of course, the same joke may be explained by more than one theory. In fact, when you get a joke, so the objection goes, there is no incongruity at all. Im writing an essay about humor and wanted to relate it to building relationships within sports, like volleyball. By Yuvika Koul, CC BY-SA 3.0, via wikimedia. But basically, the kernel of the idea is that you experience something that does not fit easily within the particular context. The child will continue playing with that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others and by themselves. You need to know English to get the jokes. Making fun of someone else because of their misfortunes. The authors note that nurses use humor to deal with specific situations such as daily medical routines, difficult patients/families, and even death. humor is - first and foremost - a recognition of and response to incongruities.) There are samples, in the provided dataset, that uses the incongruity to create humor . Hence, one would predict that any experienced incongruity would produce humor. The effect of humor on elder mental and physical health. In contrast, a person who is not yet ready to face trauma may use mechanisms such as regression or suppression as protective mechanisms until ready to face the situation. Honest good humor is the oil and wine of a merry meeting, and there is no jovial companionship equal to that where the jokes are rather small and laughter abundant. Your perception only relates to part of the objectone of its possible uses. Humor typically requires more of a shared cultural and cognitive background than other forms of entertainment. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. For example, research by Ganz and Jacobs (2014) indicated that attending a humor therapy workshop was associated with positive mental health outcomes among seniors. For more on the Relief theory, see Morreall 1983, 20-37; Roberts 2019, 91-93, and Freud 1960. I went to buy some camouflage pants the other day but I couldnt find any. Who besides someone in a Monty Python sketch would use a fish to change a lightbulb?! During the humor activity period, patients were reported as having significant decreases in multiple disruptive behaviors including self-injury, fighting, and attempted escapes (Higueras et al., 2006). The Incongruity Theory reveals the affinity between philosophy and comedy and rebukes the argument that humor is "hostile and irresponsible" (Morreall) . Who's to say that object is only a toilet brush? Here the audience is told that the incongruities on offer are objects of humor, not concern. You know its coming. Without it, IT isnt much. But the incongruity theory says that our perceptions of things in the real world only ever relate to part of that thing- they are incomplete. These moments constitute 'the ludicrous'. First, the child has to know the rhyme well enough to more than simply repeat it. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Here we share defense mechanism worksheets as tools for practitioners. This idea is evident in Cann and Collettes study (2014), as positive outcomes were associated with self-enhancing humor. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Three traditional theories of laughter and humor are examined, along with the theory that humor evolved from mock-aggressive play in apes. The role of coping humor in the physical and mental health of older adults. Inferiority Theory. But what matters here is that something is at odds with another. Lets continue using this approach of relying on jokes to clarify the IT; its a timehonored tradition in humor research. Cooper, C., & Sosik, J. For simplicity, we will call the ways in which we refer to and perceive the world and its contents as abstract knowledge and the world as it simply exists from a non-human perspective sensuous knowledge. Humor plays an essential role in buffering the impact of stress and is important for positive wellbeing among both children and seniors. Explaining the absurd is a bitabsurd. In the most general sense, the Incongruity Theory states that in order for something to be found funny or humorous, one needs to perceive a sort of incongruity. The realisation our abstract knowledge isn't able to fully link to/account for sensuous knowledge is pleasurable to us because abstract knowledge is an exhausting filter through which to see the world. Your perception of the item is incomplete. Thank you very much, for your good work! The question alone is utterly nonsensical. This explains why humor is found more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else. Hi Heather, thank you for the insight and information. The results indicated that adaptive humor was linked to higher levels of self-esteem and happiness. It was found that those within the high sense of humor category appraised relatively lower amounts of stress and anxiety. Hydraulic Model. As I noted above, the child is playing around with the expectation of the well-known lyric and substituting their own words. White, E. B. and Katherine White. Humor theories and the physiological benefits of laughter. Dont forget to download our three Grief Exercises [PDF] for free. The most important theory of humor analysis and synthesis is called Incongruity and Incongruity resolution. The story revolves around grounded twelve-year-old Jack Gantos and the mysteries of the small Pennsylvania town he lives in. That adaptive humor was linked to higher levels of self-esteem and happiness in Autism Spectrum Disorders at with! Jokes less funny for the task at handeveryone knows it 's a toothbrush, not.. The same joke may be explained by more than simply repeat it and play than anywhere else cultural and background. Of illness, it is logical to propose that humor helped them to with..., as not everyone appreciates the taboo humor others find in disturbing subject.... 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