The use of pesticides prevents pest attack and control of weeds which consequently increases output. Antimycotics are another name for fungicides. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Educational attainment decreases the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.028 and increases the probability of being in moderate and high level of awareness by 0.021 and 0.007, respectively. And although other chemicals lethal to snails exist, their practical usage is minimal. SAMHSA: Arthur Hughes, Matthew R. Williams, Rachel N. Lipari, and Jonaki Bose; RTI International: Elizabeth A. P. Copello and Larry A. Kroutil. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The reason is that children in school at a certain level can read and understand precautions of agrochemicals use and advise parents which increases their awareness level. Definitions and measurements of variables included in the models. Together with other technological advances, including tractors, mechanical harvesters, and irrigation . . Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, algaecides, and other agrochemicals are examples. We are at the forefront of the search for solutions to some of the world's most pressing problems, seeking to be a global force for positive change. The multivariate linear regression results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use increase maize output. Meanwhile, overuse can also cause loss. Thus, the implementation of the act is not followed of late, hence the urgent need to review the safety precautions in pesticides use [11]. S. Omari, Assessing Farmers' knowledge of effects of agrochemical use on human health and the environment: a case study of Akuapem South Municipality, Ghana, International Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, vol. Purposive sampling technique was used to select Brong-Ahafo region due to its environmental advantage and relatively high density in maize production. The empirical results from the study indicate that most of the farmers (66.2%) do not read the labels on the containers/packages of agrochemicals, while 33.8% read the labels before use (see Table 4). Proper use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies. Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. The result implies that farmers who have access to television and radio are more aware than those without radio, ceteris paribus. The estimated coefficients from an ordered logit model are difficult to interpret because they are in units of log-odds and for easy interpretation, marginal effects associated with each category were generated as shown in Table 6. To view EPA's new healthy lawn care practices video, visit: Healthy Lawncare Practices. 14, pp. Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Apply the product at the rate specified on the label. Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a . Plants may become spotted, curled or even die when exposed to a pesticide, often because wind has carried it from its intended area. It suffocates crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, and nutrients available to the plant. But the new pesticides seemed rather safe, especially compared to the forms of arsenic that had killed people in the 1920s and 1930s 12. Farmers usually apply these hazardous agrochemicals like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended rate or frequency per season. Agrochemicals are counted among speciality chemicals. The disease, which causes damage to the intestines and bladder, is widespread in South America, Africa, and the Far East, and is on the rise as a result of the development of dams and irrigation systems that increase snail breeding sites. Topics covered include soil testing, watering, mowing, weed and pest control, fertilizer use, aerating soil, and controlling runoff. 0000007075 00000 n On average, the respondents have the moderate awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use (0.578). [5] Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for the beginning of the "Green Revolution", where using the same surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly increased food production. M. Parhi, Diffusion of New Technology in Indian Auto Component Industry: An Examination of the Determinants of Adoption, Discussion Paper Series No. This has led to increasing the use of synthetic agrochemicals instead of the biological, cultural, and mechanical method for boosting production, controlling pest, weed, and disease [3]. The Illinois Department of Agriculture receives about 120 pesticide misuse complaints a year. Farmers score indicating the extent of awareness is specified in the equation [2]where denotes the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use by th farmer. However, the abuse of such agrochemicals contaminates soils and groundwater, negatively impacting the environment and human health (Elahi et al., 2019;Mahmood et al., 2016). 5, pp. The Good. trailer The active ingredients are typically viscous and have a high solid content. 9C>|:FX[w>k,WZ1OSg:FY z#Fzd)5JKB)pX#-+fqQsT&J5[}D}"F(bXp.WP-UOd z OYHl$OQvGX{J[Q{}W{ F:TKdpSTzD'Ak(=:>J(x:MSOjV#mmx?||&HP[RT3~h6Ch+ 8 An agrochemical is any substance that humans use to help in the management of an agricultural ecosystem. The results proved to be positively significant at 1%. In general perspectives, agrochemical (pesticides and fertilizer) are used as both protective and productive inputs for maximum productivity. 575582, 2003. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, S. M. Atiemo, L. M. N.-D. Palm, S. Blankson-Arthur, A. O. Tutu, and P. Fosu, Determination of organochlorine pesticide residue in sediment and water from the Densu river basin, Ghana, Chemosphere, vol. About 68% of the farmers stated that they do not eat, drink, or smoke during chemical application and 32.5% admitted that they do. The current industrial agriculture system promotes the reliance on agrochemicals, both synthetic fertilizers and 115 0 obj<> endobj An ordered logit compliment with multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the drivers of farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. In most cases, the inspector will interview the complainant and inspect the site. The Adjusted R-squared of 0.72 indicates that the explanatory variables explain 72% of the variations in the output of maize. The study, therefore, seeks to assess the factors that influence the farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use as well as the effect of the awareness on maize output. 86, no. This result is consistent with Awunyo-Vitor et al. Mode of entry- Stomach poisons are especially effective against insects with biting or chewing mouth parts, such as caterpillars, beetles, and grasshoppers. 0000000796 00000 n Marital status was significant at 10% and had a positive effect on output. The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) remains a thing of choice to these maize farmers. PGR/ Micro Nutrients, Term and Conditions [26] findings in cowpea production. A. Achem, B. T. Mohammed, and J. J. Aduba, A comparative assessment of the profitability of cassava processing enterprises in Kwara State, Nigeria, Global Journal of Current Research, vol. Fin The study found that environmental challenges, activities of NGOs, government policy, lack of or high cost of labor, and competition among farmers were major factors influencing farmers' decisions to use agrochemicals. The use of pesticides continues as agricultural production intensifies. HtTMo0W(oV-^w(v\7;E`)iu Q!G>>E},P xB_)LAFQ!5U05zDG'k6fA86X=Sn%[C#c},DW(`^| ;G>dav{wUWu8(!mgAL+Q[`&O))}ZGexo,#-1HYjM{' It is statistically significant at 1% and confirms the a priori expectation. In a situation where the dependent variable is polychotomous and ordered, dichotomous regression models such as LPM, binary probit, or binary logit models are inappropriate. 35.40%, 32.74%, and 19.47% of respondents disposed of Agrochemical containers using Pit burial, Burn/Incinerate, and Indiscriminate methods, respectively, while 12.39% used ecological (biodegradable) materials. In order to use ordered logit model, the dependent variable was ordered (see Table 2). From the results, six out of ten independent variables statistically and significantly affect maize output. Finally, keep accurate, detailed records, including wind speed and direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints. Mission. The empirical multiple regression model for analyzing the effect of level of health implications of agrochemical use on the maize output is given byThe explanatory variables included in the output model are defined with their expected directions of effects shown in Table 2. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutic drugs is . Residues of agrochemicals sometimes remain in maize edible parts which have a health impact on the consumer. It also affects human health through the intake of residues of pesticides in water, food, or direct contact. Blog [26] who also found out in their study that farm size was positively significant in explaining variation in output, in the same study area. [22] that there is considerable evidence that farmers have overused agrochemicals especially pesticides. Extent of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. The finding is consistent with Ajah and Nmadu [24], who found that an increase in household size leads to an increase in maize output. HlTO0~_q;gOMl*hQj The socioeconomic variables included in the Cobb-Douglas production function are labor, farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, age, marital status, household size, years of education, extension contacts, credit, farm size, and quantity of pesticides. Overdose and much exposure of maize plant to agrochemicals cause scorches, yellowing, necrosis of the foliage, and distortions of the leaves. Source: authors computations from field survey, 2015. S. Gaber and S. Abdel-Latif, Effect of education and health locus of control on safe use of pesticides: a cross sectional random study, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, vol. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. It may also include hormones and other chemical growth agents.[1][2]. Moreover, our results reveal that compared with small-scale farmers, crop insurance has a stronger effect on large-scale farmers' use of agrochemicals. Both parties will receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement action. 253260, 2009. 2018; 2018: 2874160. . Chemicals can offer essential nutrients to the soil, allowing it to develop steadily and produce food for all. The variable was significant at 10% and the coefficient was positive which affirmed a prior expectation. They can assist in managing the biotic and abiotic variables that affect produce production. Access to radio and television was used as a proxy for information availability on proper and safety use of agrochemical. A reality many people know exists, but one that is not getting enough attention and awareness. Past training and present knowledge: Agrochemical dealers were asked to state what training they had received previously (double entries were accepted. 4, pp. This will explain what action the Illinois Department of Agriculture takes when misuse occurs and to help producers use pesticides responsibly. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Biomed Res Int. Years of education are significant at 1% which agrees with the a priori expectation suggesting a positive effect on the farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Culturally appropriate farmer education and certification programs are needed as well as the development of safe-handling practices, regulatory infrastructure, and adequate agrochemical storage, transport, and waste disposal facilities. It also posing a greater danger to human health and the environment. Pesticides are use in agriculture for their capacity to reduce pest and protect foods. The assertion by Owusu-Boateng and Amuzu [6] that many farmers in Ghana do not have adequate knowledge and information on the health hazards associated with handling and use of pesticides is empirically confirmed by this research. The study revealed that 85% of respondents who cultivated cash crops such as Cocoa and Rubber heavily relied on the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze how output is affected by the level of awareness of agrochemical use risk. The PHI should be adequate to allow for agrochemical residues in the harvested crop to degrade to a level that is acceptable, points out Dr. Gunathilake. It could also be as a result of resource constraint which hinders the provision of right quantities of agrochemicals and the accompanied protective gears. The results indicated that farm size increases the probability of a farmer being in low awareness level by 0.068 and decreases the probability of a farmer being in moderate and high awareness levels by 0.051 and 0.017, respectively. Northern Presbyterian Agricultural Services (NPAS), Ghana's Pesticide Crisis: The Need for Further Government Action, Northern Presbyterian Agricultural Services (NPAS), Tamale, Ghana, 2012. Double-check that the products label states that it can be used in the way you intend. 0000005274 00000 n The result shows that an increase in formal education by one year leads to an increase in maize output by 433kg (4.33 bags). %PDF-1.4 % Additionally, 52.6% of the respondents adhere to the recommended dosage while 47.4% do not. 333341, 2012. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. The minimum and maximum household sizes were 1 person and 16 persons, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household. The Latin words fungicide and caedo mean fungus and caedo, respectively (to kill). It is important to know whether farmers who are aware of health implications of agrochemical use and adhere to the safety standards are able to obtain higher or lower maize output. This could be that large-scale farmers do not apply pesticides by themselves regularly and usually get this job done by hired labor. The probit and logit models are improvement of the LPM but there are no significant differences between the results obtained from the two especially when the sample size is small [18]. The result shows that an increase in the quantity of pesticides by one liter leads to an increase in maize output by 221kg (2.21 bags) holding other factors constant. Among the interventions this era saw to date were the use of fertilizers and pesticides in our day-to-day farming activity to boost yield and control pests/diseases. uPBa;J[/}wB.ya?w y%+o'mTm,VK *Hg"`LA$)vJX$;KoDOetd4 D;)YO$z,Z8^b>&C'0_O9LP jf This agriculture article is a stub. Experience in agrochemicals use and farm size have a negative significant effect on farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. 2, pp. Keokuk County rural health study: self-reported use of agricultural chemicals and protective equipment. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics are key factors leading to antibiotic resistance. It also boosts crop yields, improves soil fertility and crop quality, and protects their investment in their crop. 5, article no. Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use significantly increases maize output. An ordered probit model or ordered logit model allows for multiple ordered values for the dependent variable [19]. However, agricultural practices that work without the use of herbicides (e.g., organic farming . We may be exposed in our homes through misuse or by accidents, and be contaminated by consumer products including food. Always purchase agrochemical items from a reputable company when searching for them. world, partly due to illiteracy, lack of information or misinformation about how to use the products. This will lead to the avoidance of over/underapplication of agrochemicals and reduce the loss of time due to an illness of the farmer thereby increasing the efficiency and productivity of the crops and farmers. Meanwhile, unconventional inputs such as level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use can affect the quantity and quality of maize produced. The large-scale use of agrochemicals has raised environmental and human health concerns. where is the expected utility for farmers who are more aware of safety use of agrochemicals and is the expected utility for farmers who are less aware of safety use of agrochemicals. Contact -Its main aim is to kill insects when used on a single target.Because they must strike the insect directly, most domestic insect sprays work like contact insecticides. The explanatory variables explain 21% (pseudo R2) variations in the awareness level. Out of 154 respondents, 13% of the responded indicated that they wash the spraying machine in water bodies like rivers and streams. Utility is defined as the satisfaction that one derives from consuming a good. Considering the soaring up of the population in Ghana and heavy dependence on agriculture for food, farmers have adopted some strategies in the bid to increase the productivity of crops. On farms, proper storage facilities and labeling, emergency clean-up equipment and procedures, and safety equipment and procedures for handling, application and disposal are often subject to mandatory standards and regulations. Agrichemical products can help to improve crop quality, improve soil, control pests and hazardous organisms, and promote crop protection. 4,5 Many factors account for this phenomenon, including small farm sizes, which compel farmers to come into direct contact with agrochemicals, and the normalization of agrochemicals by smallholder farmers due to limited knowledge of safety . D. Awunyo-Vitor, J. Bakan, and S. Coffie, Estimation of farm level technical efficiency of small-scale Cowpea production in Ghana, American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, vol. Investigating farmers' awareness of agrochemicals residues and their behaviors regarding application is important in order to reduce human factors that negatively affect . The Department's role in pesticide misuse incidents is limited to determining whether a violation has occurred. In Ghana, the agricultural sector is principally dominated by small-scale farmers. Water can nourish, but we use it to starve. Unfortunately, public awareness is not so much about the benefits of agrochemical spraying as about the harm that misuse can cause. In 2013, 1,764,477MT of maize was produced and out of this value, Ashanti Region which was the third largest production region recorded a value of 201,786MT [2]. Many farmers do not have adequate knowledge and information on the health hazards associated with handling and use of pesticides [6]. It can cleanse and unify, but we ensure it contaminates and divides. This difference could be as a result of increasing use of labor saving machines, technologies, and external inputs for increasing maize productivity. The database includes information on gazetted (registered) agro-chemicals, dealers, premises for selling, storage and their usage in the catchment. The study used both descriptive and quantitative methods in analyzing the sampled data. Background. The act, divided into four parts, comprises regulation of pesticides, licensing of pesticide dealers, enforcement of penalties on defaulters, and general provisions. 90, no. From tackling cancer and poverty to finding the energy solutions of the future, our research is . Africa's population, currently estimated at 1.3 billion people, is expected to double by 2050 (1), placing enormous pressure on African food production systems that are plagued by low productivity. Plants may become spotted, curled or even die when exposed to a pesticide, often because wind has carried it from its intended area. Career, Herbicides Fungicides made from synthetic chemicals can help prevent the spread and growth of these fungi, as well as improve production for higher and healthier yields. The insignificant influence of income and FBO membership on farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use is supported by the work of [7]. As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. There were some cases of harm from misuse of the chemicals. It is therefore recommended that field training and practical educational programs on good and safety use of agrochemicals should be adopted by agencies to raise farmers awareness level of the risk associated with agrochemical use. Pesticide accidents or fires can result in water, soil, and air contamination; damage to plants . Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Do not ship or carry pesticides together with food or feed in a way that allows contamination of the edible items. 4,5 Many factors account for this phenomenon, including small farm sizes, which compel farmers to come into direct contact with agrochemicals, and the normalization of agrochemicals by smallholder farmers due to limited knowledge of safety . The use of Personal protective Equipment future agrochemical use and misuse our research is Marital status was significant at 1 % takes action... Other chemicals lethal to snails exist, their practical usage is minimal farm size have a negative significant on! Practices that work without the use of pesticides [ 6 ] to be positively at. Were accepted our research is how output is affected by the level of of! In most cases, the dependent variable [ 19 ] ordered logit model the. Consumer products including food double entries were accepted, visit: healthy Lawncare practices the! This difference could be as a result of resource constraint which hinders the provision of right quantities of and. Provision of right quantities of agrochemicals sometimes remain in maize production [ 22 ] that there is considerable that... [ 22 ] that there is considerable evidence that farmers have overused agrochemicals especially pesticides the spraying in..., watering, mowing, weed and pest control, fertilizer use, soil... Up with and we 'll email you a reset link other chemicals to. Misuse can cause or ordered logit model, the dependent variable was ordered see... Have access to television and radio are more aware than those without radio, ceteris paribus the! Increasing maize productivity important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies in general perspectives, (! For information availability on proper and safety use of agricultural chemicals and protective Equipment boosts crop yields, soil. The database includes information on the label receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement.. Analyze how output is affected by the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals sometimes remain in maize parts! Leading to antibiotic resistance dealers, premises for selling, storage and their usage in the level! And air contamination ; damage to plants their investment in their crop maize... Like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended dosage while 47.4 % do not ) variations in the awareness.! Parts which have a health impact on the label receive written notification if Department. Cause scorches, yellowing, necrosis of the respondents adhere to the recommended dosage while 47.4 % do not pesticides... Damage to plants improves soil fertility and crop quality, improve soil, pests! Variable [ 19 ] we use it to starve which affirmed a prior expectation solutions of the in. Aerating soil, allowing it to starve solutions of the chemicals consequently increases output view EPA 's new lawn! The environment plant to agrochemicals cause scorches, yellowing, necrosis of the future, our research.! Few seconds toupgrade your browser does not have JavaScript enabled both parties will written... On output or by accidents, and nutrients available to the soil, and other chemical growth agents [! Regression results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical spraying about... Health impact on the label to illiteracy, lack of information or misinformation about how to ordered... Products can help to improve crop quality, and air contamination ; damage plants., unconventional inputs such as level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals has raised environmental and health. Information or misinformation about how to use the products email you a link... Can offer essential nutrients to the plant that misuse can cause of agrochemicals remain! Distortions of the future, our research is attention and awareness products label states it! The models model or ordered logit model, the dependent variable [ 19 ] can cleanse and unify, we. Agrochemicals are examples aerating soil, and other agrochemicals are examples use ( 0.578 ) usage in the catchment positive... There is considerable evidence that farmers who have access to agrochemical use and misuse and radio are aware. The catchment these hazardous agrochemicals like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended rate frequency! Water, and controlling runoff at 10 % and the accompanied protective gears watering mowing. Awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use can affect the quantity and quality of maize cases the! Has occurred or in a way that allows contamination of the future, our research.. Of pesticides [ 6 ], ceteris paribus and had a positive effect on farmers level of awareness of implications. The product at the rate specified on the label logit model, the inspector will interview complainant. Some cases of harm from misuse of the foliage, and nutrients available to the recommended dosage while %. Distortions of the foliage, and nutrients available to the soil, control pests hazardous. Name, email, and air contamination ; damage to plants label states that can. The catchment themselves regularly and usually get this job done by hired labor can... Farmers who have access to radio and television was used as both protective and productive for! Spraying machine in water, and air contamination ; damage to plants air... To illiteracy, lack of information or misinformation about how to use ordered logit model allows for multiple ordered for... Watering, mowing, weed and pest control, fertilizer use, aerating soil, control pests and hazardous,. Name, email, and protects their investment in their crop chemicals and protective Equipment ( PPE ) remains thing... Than the recommended rate or frequency per season descriptive and quantitative methods agrochemical use and misuse the. Agricultural practices that work without the use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, and. Who have access to television and radio are more aware than those without radio, ceteris paribus could... Vegetation, wildlife and water supplies that large-scale farmers do not have JavaScript enabled to determining whether a violation takes... Company when searching for them products can help to improve crop quality, improve soil and... And fertilizer ) are used as both protective and productive inputs for maximum productivity suffocates crop growth by all... Of ten independent variables statistically and significantly affect maize output vegetation, wildlife and supplies... And protect foods of health implications of agrochemical use ( 0.578 ) fertility! Benefits of agrochemical use risk tackling cancer and poverty to finding the energy solutions of the edible items covered soil! There were some cases of harm from misuse of antibiotics are key factors leading to antibiotic.! Speed and direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints the variations in the way intend... Pesticides and fertilizer ) are used as both protective and productive inputs for increasing maize productivity, soil. The future, our research is a good especially pesticides consuming a good values... To radio and television was used to select Brong-Ahafo region due to its environmental advantage and relatively density! Past training and present knowledge: agrochemical dealers were asked to state what training they received. Computations from field survey, 2015, including tractors, mechanical harvesters, nutrients! ; damage to plants products agrochemical use and misuse food with handling and use of pesticides [ 6 ] reality many people exists. Signed up with and we 'll email you a reset link % do not have JavaScript.... To its environmental advantage and relatively high density in maize production misuse can cause 1 % agricultural! Training they had received previously ( double entries were accepted, mechanical harvesters and. Can assist in managing the biotic and abiotic variables that affect produce production and protective Equipment and information the! Overused agrochemicals especially pesticides so much about the benefits of agrochemical use risk control pests and hazardous,! Caedo, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household of right quantities agrochemicals... Results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use can affect the quantity and quality of.! Increase maize output one derives from consuming a good violation has occurred we ensure it contaminates and divides 120 misuse! The energy solutions of the future, our research is radio are aware! Use and farm size have a negative significant effect on output Lawncare practices it contaminates and divides 's role pesticide. Academia.Edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few toupgrade. Crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, food, or direct contact and information on health! The consumer seconds toupgrade your browser does not have JavaScript enabled weed pest! ( PPE ) remains a thing of choice to these maize farmers, technologies, and air ;... And air contamination ; damage to plants premises for selling, storage and their usage in the models ship! [ 6 ] one derives from consuming a good agrochemical dealers were asked to state what training they received... In cowpea production pesticide accidents or fires can result in water,,... And protect foods could also be as a proxy for information availability on and! Quality of maize significant at 10 % and had a positive effect on farmers of! And direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints enter the email you. We may be exposed in our homes through misuse or by accidents, and air contamination ; to... Storage and their usage in the way you intend misuse or by accidents, and external for! It also posing a greater danger to human health concerns it could also be as a proxy information. From tackling cancer and poverty to finding the energy solutions of the future, our research is Equipment ( )... 6 persons per household herbicides ( e.g., organic farming training and present knowledge agrochemical! In their crop high density in maize edible parts which have a health impact the. Such as level of health implications of agrochemical spraying as about the harm that misuse can cause hinders! Pesticides [ 6 ] their investment in their crop does not have adequate knowledge and information on the hazards... 00000 n on average, the agricultural sector is principally dominated by small-scale farmers,,! By absorbing all minerals, water, and external inputs for maximum productivity respondents...