His list of credentials was so long it's impossible to list them all, but for starters, his resume included the University of Glasgow and Johns Hopkins, and in the 1930s, he was lauded for setting up a series of psychiatric clinics. Ben: But there is reason to believe that these documents arent just missing. Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in Cameron's analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. Amory: We definitely will. I think he wanted to be famous. In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. And they haven't been super successful. Canada. Ewen Cameron was fulfilling one of the items on his life bucket list: to climb Street Mountain. Cameron decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player,[11] and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". The victims and their lawyers want us to remember that this story isnt over. Duncan: I started work at the State Department just a day or so before Kennedy was assassinated. [13], In 1945, Cameron, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. You can try, The 1963 "Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation" manual, "CIA's Secret Brainwashing Experiment" (1984), "Brainwashed: The Secret CIA Experiments in Canada" (2017), Jim Turner and Joseph Rauh's lawsuit debrief: "Anatomy Of A Public Interest Case Against The CIA,", Send us a direct message on Reddit. I'm the oldest son of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron and Jean Cameron. Ben: But some key documentation of Camerons time at the Allan is straight up missing. Care of his patients went to his assistants, and here's where things get even weirder. By literally wiping the minds of his subjects clean by depatterning and then trying to program in new behavior, Cameron carried the process known as brainwashing to its logical extreme., The dehumanizing nature of his methods were published in premier medical journals without any complaints from other psychiatrists; Cameron read papers about depatterning with electroshock before meetings of his fellow psychiatrists; and they rewarded him, electing him president of the American, Canadian, and World Psychiatric Associations. Very different. The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Please note . [citation needed]. So why havent they? Ben: He looks like hes having a good time. Duncan: I mean, it's very different than the caricature that you sometimes read in the press. He studied Medicine at the University of Glasgow and obtained his degree in 1924. . [15], Before his arrival in Nuremberg, Cameron had written The Social Reorganization of Germany, in which he argued that German culture and its individual citizens would have to be transformed and reorganized. Particularly because we put that question to him today. And Camerons part of that. Ben: Sure, but I mean, in terms of trying to help cure people of mental illness or anything like that, not necessarily his process, but his end goal. He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. Ben Brock Johnson: So what do you have in front of you here? Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron did experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Here's why MKUltra's top brainwashing scientist was a nightmare. First I have to say that my father was exceedingly committed to his field. Harvey: Here he is trying to reach the peak, trying to climb the mountain, reach this goal. [26] His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. Amory: But Cameron was publishing articles and giving speeches about his work throughout his life. The Canadian government also funded the project. When then-CIA director Stansfield Turner testified about the program in 1977, he said (via the Smithsonian) that the bottom line was to develop "the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior." Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. And he has a much different memory of how it all went down. That's absolutely the stuff of a terrifying Netflix horror series, but it was very real and it destroyed an unknown number of lives. Amory: And, they delivered, with a full transcript of Duncans deposition from November, 1983. Ben: Sure. His occupation was occupation. And so even all these years later, it's part of my life. Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. So what led the CIA to get onto this fantasy? Ben: But we also asked about something else, that he was a little uncomfortable talking about: Orlikow vs. United States, the 1980s lawsuit that ended up giving $750,000 total to 8 of Camerons victims. They also asked him for clarification about what happened to his father's personal papers and patient records, and he replied, "Well, I didn't destroy the documents. That could be heightened with various drugs, eventually was replaced by positive messages, and the so-called "psychic driving" would continue. But he has fond childhood memories of summers spent in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains, where his dads competitive nature led him again and again to the line of the horizon. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. Take a guess. It is true. Amory: He remembers his dad working a lot during this time, which, definitely tracks. And we would take off. There is no such thing as closure. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. On the weekends, you'd think he would go out and mow the lawn or bask in the sun or go play golf or tennis, but none of it. She went from apartment to apartment, mental hospital to mental hospital. It affected a lot of people. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. [23][24] He is unrelated to another CIA psychiatrist, Alan S. Cameron, who helped pioneer psychological profiling of world leaders during the 1970s and was not associated with the behavioral modification research program. There's my father and my mother. Amory: Sarah Anne Johnson, whose grandmother Val Orlikow was a patient of Ewen Camerons, has a response to Duncan that, considering what her family has been through as a result of his fathers experimentation, is surprising. He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. Ben: When Amory and I spoke to Duncan Cameron about his dad, he also told us about his own work, as a lawyer. According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. Toby Ziegler:In the '50s, it was the CIA mind control research program begun in response to the Chinese attempt on U.S. prisoners. Deze informatie is onderdeel van Families Klein, Ree, de Breed en de Vries van Terschelling van Marthan Klein op Genealogie Online. Cameron began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated. If he had a choice he would have kept living forever. Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. The personality types are as follows: Cameron believed that a society in which psychiatry built and developed the institutions of government, schools, prisons and hospitals would be one in which science triumphed over the "sick" members of society. Cameron began his training in psychiatry at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital in 1925. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. Ben: Even though Cameron never gave the CIA the keys to control peoples minds, he did give them the tools to break peoples minds down experimental drugs, recordings on loop, sensory deprivation. v USA, 1988] Tom Beauchamp, a leading American bioethicist was an expert witness for Camerons estate, arguing that Camerons treatment complied with the norm and practice of the day. Ewen Cameron experimented on people right up until he left the Allan in 1964. As the CBC notes, it's sourced pretty heavily from Cameron's work, and talks about things like "deprivation of sensory stimuli, threats and fear, pain, hypnosis and narcosis," and the source of their research? In theory, he was supposed to help her anxiety, depression, and postpartum depression. North America. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. The first was for 18 days and the second for 29 days, all while hearing endless recorded messages and being subjected to a series of electroshock therapy sessions. Who hasnt talked about this in a long time. Donald Ewen Cameron ((1901-12-24)24 December 1901 (1967-09-08)8 September 1967)[1] was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. [citation needed][21]. With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. Duncan: This is at the Lake Placid Club in Lake Placid, New York. Amory: Duncan knows how to be very careful about what he says. They had four children; a daughter and three sons. You can see out a window. When it came time to evaluate Nazi leaders ahead of the Nuremberg Trials, he was one of a group of internationally renowned mental health professionals who were sent to decide just what was going on in the heads of some of the worst war criminals the world had ever seen. A series of other research scandals in the 1960s resulted in stricter regulation of research practices and a more stringent code of ethics. Canada's McGill University has owned up to the part it played in MKUltra's Sub-project 68, and they say that it really started before Dr. Ewen Cameron even got involved. Duncan: Talking about him, it should be easy, but sometimes it's sort of emotional. Sarah Anne Johnson: I imagine this is very difficult for his family. Those were right out. Heres journalist John Marks. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. Ben: After Marians mom left the Allan, she struggled for the rest of her life to regain her sense of self and mental clarity. So I think in a certain way they believed that what fiction writers could come up with, somebody could actually make real. Ben: Street Mountain is a strange choice for a bucket list. And you can see this manual that's been found all around the world, from hellholes to modern democracies. [16], Cameron next published Nuremberg and Its Significance. She said she received 12 boxes of her husbands papers after he died, but that, quote, If I had these papers, I wouldnt necessarily let you see them. Sounds questionable? People Projects Discussions Surnames . The CBC says the CIA recruited Dr. Ewen Cameron a few years into MKUltra, using the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology to approach Cameron and tell him that he really, really needed to apply for one of their grants. His theories of behavior stressed the unity of the organism with the environment; the book also outlined experimental method and research design. [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. Duncan: Thats my recollection, that any documents that related to patients were destroyed. In 1984, New Scientist reported on a lawsuit filed on behalf of some of the people who ended up a part of MKUltra's Sub-project 68. I mean, he was that much of a scientist. Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. Once it was down to an exact science the precise number of hours in a coma, the number and duration of electroshock treatments, the exact dosages of drugs he believed that curing mental illness could be as simple as admitting a patient, putting them through the program, and spitting out a brand new, problem-free person on the other side. Duncan: Well, I didnt destroy the documents. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man.. Jim: But again, you know, the deposition transcript, you're going to have to rely on that, like we did. "Now, that was a foolish mistake. He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association , Canadian Psychiatric Association ,[2] American Psychopathological Association . To see some of the things that have happened are very upsetting. In 1933, he married Jean C. Rankine, whom he had met while they were students at the University of Glasgow. At the heart of MKUltra, says The Guardian, was the broadcasting of videos of American POWs from the Korean War condemning their own country and lauding the benefits of Communism. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." His response? Now, a recent court decision has. 3.99 Husband of Marielene Schlumberger. What started as short-term depression before the Allan, morphed into chronic depression, as well as diagnosed schizophrenia and bipolar disorder afterwards. Amory: And I think you may have given a deposition for that. And he didn't achieve that either. Because his dad isnt around to do it himself. Peterborough County. She had no idea how to boil water, much less care for a child. According to The Guardian, it started with playing tapes designed to tap into the reason the patient sought help in the first place. Harvey Weinstein: Complicated question, we all have motivations for the things that we do. She was not staying in this little town. Traces of some survived, including documentation on Sub-project 42 also known as Operation Midnight Climax and sub-project 68. Ben: Hebb did an interview with a film producer in the 1980s, saying, quote, Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. Like Freud, Cameron maintained that the family was the nucleus of social behavior and anxieties later in life were spawned during childhood. Josh Crane Twitter Producer, Podcasts & New ProgramsJosh is a producer for podcasts and new programs at WBUR. "[36], Cameron is the subject of Stephen Bennett's film Eminent Monsters (2020), which was funded by BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland. These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." Dr. Ewen Cameron was an undeniably fascinating figure, and as horrible as his experiments were, the way people continued to talk about him was even more telling. Which suggests it was for purposes of, not closure, but of not wanting information to come to light that was in the papers. Thank you! Amory: This is information that may have proven invaluable in holding Cameron, as well as McGill, the CIA, and the Canadian Government accountable for what happened at the Allan. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. Both of her brothers were heavily into drugs by the age of 10 and dealt with serious mental illness throughout their lives. memorial page for Donald Ewen Cameron (1852-5 Feb 1892), Find a Grave Memorial ID 170055188, citing Cameron Cemetery, Indian River . His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. Marian Read: So for me, the importance of all of this is to get it out of the shadows of pulp fiction, you know Amory: This is Marian Read. Click here for the donation page. The described types were the enemies of society and life. After his mother confirmed that yes, there were 12 boxes of papers that her sons both lawyers said she probably shouldn't share, Duncan revealed that he had gone through and taken out "several papers" that identified "a particular patient." And in that sense, I think his ambition overrode his skills and his ability to do the research. She was left with permanent impairments: She was unable to recognize faces, had impaired spatial recognition, and lost a good portion of her memory. Ben: So its fitting that, today, most of what people hear about the CIAs search for mind control also seems to come from fantasy and popular fiction. Amory: They bounced around between foster homes and orphanages for years, experienced emotional and physical abuse. He did technically, because nothing says "wonders" has to be a good thing. Duncan: You see, he doesn't have a scowl. Theres no clear approach to the summit only overgrown pathways. And how his work lives on. Duncan: I think the furthest I got was to his office. But we do have his son, Duncan Cameron. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. [38], Cameron died of a heart attack while hiking with his son in the Adirondack Mountains on September 8, 1967. Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. Amory: What was your father like as a dad? Joseph Rauh (from the transcript): But as far as you know now, neither you nor your brother or sister or mother have *any* papers left that are not sort of public documents? In other words, torture. Yeah so it was sad. He didn't pull punches, saying, "We hanged Nazis for doing the sort of things Cameron did.". His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all senior partners in the company. In 2020, director Stephen Bennett released "Eminent Monsters," a film that examined the link between Cameron's work and the torture techniques used by organizations around the world, including the CIA. Cameron wanted to build an inventive psychiatric institution to determine rapid ways for societal control while demanding a psychological economy that did not center itself around guilt and guilt complexes. They fear the stranger, they fear the new idea; they are afraid to live, and scared to die." So we dont have access to Cameron's thoughts on his own legacy. And these are pictures of him, these are both in the Adirondack Mountains. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many were permanently debilitated after these treatments. Heres part of Duncans transcript: Duncan (from the transcript): I recall contacting the American Psychiatric Association and asking them if they would have an interest in holding his papers in their archives, and they expressed an interest in doing it. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in Germany will try it again, Cameron fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. Heres documentarian Stephen Bennett, whose film Eminent Monsters looks at the real echoes of Camerons work in government interrogation programs today. "[H]e was born in. [34], Naomi Klein states in her book The Shock Doctrine that Cameron's research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' Ben: In photos, the Cameron family seems happy, a candid shot of Ewen Cameron that looks to be from a garden party shows the psychiatrist in a skinny tie and jacket, horn-rimmed glasses and short cropped white hair. Shes also signed on to the class-action lawsuit against McGill University, the Canadian government, and the CIA. [17] Cameron argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebb's sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatry's instruments of torture. The manual got updated in 1980, but the techniques that have come about including things like waterboarding and restraint in a "coffin-like wooden box" still harken back to that original research. Ben: Robert Cleghorn, a former member of Camerons staff, took over after Cameron stepped down. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". The work of Dr. Ewen Cameron may have been discredited by mainstream psychiatry, but that doesn't mean it went away completely. in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. Think of all the books and the movies that are about mind control. Instead of being considered for the fellowship, the neurologist was admitted to his Allan Memorial Institute, diagnosed with schizophrenia, and given such a heavy dose of barbiturates that it triggered an allergic reaction and she suffered from a prolonged loss of oxygen to the brain. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the CIA. Memorials. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. He has an open, amused look on his face. Amory: This is a hard reality for the family that Ewen Cameron left behind. The last generation of Holocaust survivors and their children express their concerns about current events A Five-Part, FDA Advisory Panel & CDC Director are Complicit in Sacrificing Childrens Lives to Protect Pfizer from Liability, Copyright 2023 Alliance for Human Research Protection, 1950s1960s: Dr. Ewen Cameron Destroyed Minds at Allan Memorial Hospital in Montreal, Law and Mind Control Mind Control Through Five Cases, Vera Sharavs documentary Never Again is Now Global now available. . Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Patients would be subjected to messages repeated hundreds of thousands of times, as they were kept in their coma for up to a month. Duncan: Not really, I certainly don't know anything about the treatments he was using, I didnt know anything about that. [citation needed] He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain experienced psychosis. It's safe to say that the exact opposite happened. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." Harvey: It is frustrating, and if you talk about a story with no end, I think the important thing to remember is that it isn't just the patients who went through this, it was their families. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. Ben: Duncan says his father was so busy that he didnt see much of him during their time in Montreal. Skip Ancestry . . The program is widely believed to have been partly funded by the United States Central Intelligence Agency as part of their top-secret MKULTRA program. Duncan: We all very much wished, as we always had, that my father was alive because he would have had to deal with that issue and would have dealt with it quite effectively. Ben: Over and over, weve heard from victims of Dr. Ewen Camerons brutal experiments at the Allan Memorial Institute. Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. And he was a fast driver. They were destroyed. Ontario. The behaviour of a mental patient could resemble the behaviour of a patient with, for example, syphilis, and then a somatic cause could be deduced for a psychological illness. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown there were a higher-than-usual number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, presumably to increase Cameron's subject pool. Though he did visit the Allan Memorial on occasion. To prevent this, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society. Duncan: No, he had some peculiar hobb-- he loved science fiction. Case of Gail Kastner: The shock treatment turned the then 19 year old honours student into a woman who sucked her thumb, talked like a baby, demanded to be fed from a bottle and urinated on the floor. At that point her affluent family abandoned her and she lived in poverty. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. There is no incontinence, there is no mutism, and we are continuing this intense treatment of her until we get complete depatterning.". (laughter). [citation needed]. Rauh: --Well, I will put it another way. On March 12, her records show she was considered "depatterned": She could no longer stand, speak, could barely swallow, was incontinent, and required treatment by an obstetrician for severe bleeding. Cameron was born on December 24, 1901, in Scotland and graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. 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